Anti-inflammatory effects of propoxazepam on different models of inflammation
Background. Propoxazepam, 7-bromo-5-(2-chlorophenyl)-3-propoxy-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one, is a promising analgesic and anticonvulsant and is on preclinical trial. Objective. The aim of the research was to study the anti-inflammatory and analgesic action of Propoxazepam. Methods. The anti-inflammatory action was evaluated by carrageenan induced rat paw edema, formalin-induced paw licking response in mice and bradykinin-induced pain response in rat models. Results. It was established for the first time that the administration of Propoxazepam caused a significant anti-inflammatory activity when tested in different in vivo chemical experimental models of induced inflammation, i.e. carrageenan-, bradykinin- and formalin-induced inflammation tests. Conclusions. Propoxazepam significantly reduced acute and sub-acute inflammation and proved its efficacy and similar to anti-inflammatory action
propoxazepam, diclofenac sodium, anti-inflammatory effect, carrageenan, formalin
https://doi.org/10.11603/ijmmr.2413-6077.2019.2.10900[1] Khan I, Anupama, Singh B. 1,4-Benzodiazepine: An overview of biological properties. Sci Revs Chem Commun. 2015;5(1):13-20. https://www.tsijournals.com/articles/14benzodiazepine-overview-of-biological-properties.pdf
[2] Zeilhofer HU. The glycinergic control of spinal pain processing. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2005;62:2027–35. doi: 10.1007/s00018-005-5107-3.
[3] Twyman RE, Rogers CJ, Macdonald RL. Differential regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor channels by diazepam and phenobarbital. Ann Neurol. 1989;25(3):213-20. doi: 10.1002/ana.410250302
[4] File SE, Pearce JB. Benzodiazepines reduce gastric ulcers induced in rats by stress. Br J Pharmacol. 1981;74(3):593-9. doi: 10.1111/j.14765381.1981. tb 10469.x
[5] Snow AE, Horita A. Interaction of apomorphine and stressors in the production of hyperthermia in the rabbit. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1982;220:335-9.
[6] Wilson A. Comparison of flurbiprofen and alprazolam in the management of chronic pain syndrome. Psychiatr J Univ Ott. 1990;15(3):144-9.
[7] Golovenko NYa, Voloshchuk NI, Andronati SA, Taran IV, Reder АS, Pashynska ОS, et al. Antinociception induced by a novel benzodiazepine receptor agonist and bradykinin receptor antagonist in rodent acute and chronic pain models. EJBPS. 2018;5(12):79–88.
[8] Larionov VB, Reder AS. Рropoxazepam, a novel analgesic with multifunctional mechanism of action: review of preclinical data. International scientific and practical conference «Prospects for the development of medicine in EU countries and Ukraine», Wloclavek, Republic of Poland, December 2018, 21–22; 111–5.
[9] Desai A, Kherallah Y, Szabo C, Marawar R. Gabapentin or pregabalin induced myoclonus: A case series and literature review. J Clin Neurosci. 2019;61:225–34. doi: 10.1016/j.jocn.2018.09.019
[10] Kidd BL, Urban LA. Mechanisms of inflammatory pain. Br J Anaesth. 2001;87:3–11. doi: 10.1093/bja/87.1.3
[11] Karateev AE, Karateev DE, Davydov OS. Pain and inflammation. Part 2. The analgesic potential of anti-inflammatory drugs. Nauchno-Prakticheskaya Revmatologiya = Rheumatology Science and Practice. 2017;55(1):58-67. doi: 10.14412/1995-4484-2017-58-67
[12] Schlumpf M, Parmar R, Bütikofer EE, Inderbitzin S, Salili AP, Schreiber AA, et al. Delayed developmental neuro- and immunotoxicity of benzodiazepines. Archives of Toxicology. Supplement 1995;17:261–87. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-79451-3_22
[13] da Silva FR, Lazzarini R, de Sa-Rocha LC, Morgulis MS, Massoco OC, Palermo-Neto J. Effects of acute and long-term diazepam administrations on neutrophil activity: a flow cytometric study. European Journal Pharmacology. 2003;478(2–3):97–104. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2003.08.046
[14] Lazzarini R, Malucelli BE, Muscará MN, de Nucci G, Palermo-Neto J. Reduction of inflammation in rats by diazepam: tolerance development. Life sciences. 2003 Apr 11;72(21):2361-8. doi: 10.1016/s0024-3205(03)00136-x
[15] Lazzarini R, Maiorka PC, Liu J, Papadopoulos V, Palermo-Neto J. Diazepam effects on carrageenan-induced inflammatory paw edema in rats: role of nitric oxide. Life sciences. 2006 May 22;78(26):3027-34. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2005.11.032
[16] Pavlovskyi VI, Semenishina KO, Andronati SA, Kabanova TA, Halimova OI, Reder AS. Use of 3-alkoxy-1,2-dihydro-3h-1,4-benzodiazepine-2-ons as highly active analgesic agents. UA 108246 Ukrainian patent. 2015.
[17] Reder A, Larionov V, Golovenko N, Andronati S. Influence of Particle Size on The Anticonvulsant Activity of Propoxazepam. To Chemistry Journal. 2019;2:132-41.
[18] Chau TT, Lewin AC, Walter TL, Carlson RP, Weichman BM. Evidence for a role of bradykinin in experimental pain models. Agents and actions. 1991 Sep 1;34(1-2):234-8. doi: 10.1007/bf01993290
[19] Tjølsen A, Berge OG, Hunskaar S, Rosland JH, Hole K. The formalin test: an evaluation of the method. Pain. 1992 Oct 1;51(1):5-17. doi: 10.1016/0304-3959(92)90003-t
[20] Capasso F, Balestrieri B, Di Rosa M, Persico P, Sorrentino L. Enhancement of carrageenin foot oedema by 1, 10-phenanthroline and evidence for the bradykinin as endogenous mediator. Agents and actions. 1975 Oct 1;5(4):359-63. doi: 10.1007/BF02205243
[21] Lazzarini R, Paulino CA, Malucelli BE, Palermo-Neto J. Effects of high doses of diazepam on carrageenin-induced paw edema in rats. Brazilian journal of medical and biological research= Revista brasileira de pesquisas medicas e biologicas. 1996 Nov;29(11):1525-9.
[22] Lazzarini R, Maiorka PC, Liu J, Papadopoulos V, Palermo-Neto J. Diazepam effects on carrageenan-induced inflammatory paw edema in rats: role of nitric oxide. Life sciences. 2006 May 22;78(26):5345-52. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2005.11.032
[23] Wilson A. Comparison of flurbiprofen and alprazolam in the management of chronic pain syndrome. Psychiatric journal of the University of Ottawa: Revue de psychiatrie de l'Universite d'Ottawa. 1990 Sep;15(3):144-9.
[24] Zavala FL, Taupin VE, Descamps-Latscha BE. In vivo treatment with benzodiazepines inhibits murine phagocyte oxidative metabolism and production of interleukin 1, tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-6. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 1990 Nov 1;255(2):442-50.
[25] Hunskaar S, Hole K. The formalin test in mice: dissociation between inflammatory and non-inflammatory pain. Pain. 1987 Jul 1;30(1):103-14. doi: 10.1016/0304-3959(87)90088-1
[26] McNamara CR, Mandel-Brehm J, Bautista DM, Siemens J, Deranian KL, Zhao M, Hayward NJ, Chong JA, Julius D, Moran MM, Fanger CM. TRPA1 mediates formalin-induced pain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2007 Aug 14;104(33):13525-30. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0705924104
[27] Rovati LC, Sacerdote P, Fumagalli P, Bianchi M, Mantegazza P, Panerai AE. Benzodiazepines and their antagonists interfere with opioid-dependent stress-induced analgesia. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior. 1990 May 1;36(1):123-6. doi: 10.1016/0091-3057(90)90136-6
[28] Kidd BL, Urban LA. Mechanisms of inflammatory pain. British journal of anaesthesia. 2001 Jul 1;87(1):3-11. doi: 10.1093/bja/87.1.3
[29] Belowska-Bień K, Szeląg E, Szeląg J, Skrzypiec-Spring M. Bradykinin–an undervalued mediator?. Post N Med. 2017; XXX(08):440-6.
[30] Couture R, Harrisson M, Vianna RM, Cloutier F. Kinin receptors in pain and inflammation. European journal of pharmacology. 2001 Oct 19;429(1-3):-76. doi: 10.1016/S0014-2999(01)01318-8
[31] Virych PA, Shelyuk OV, Kabanova TA, Khalimova EI, Martynyuk VS, Pavlovsky VI, Andronati SA. Effect of 3-substituted 1, 4-benzodiazepin-2-ones on bradykinin-induced smooth muscle contraction. The Ukrainian Biochemical Journal. 2017;89(1):31-7. doi: 10.15421/021735